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Bovine Brucellosis: Epidemiology, Public Health Implications, and Status of Brucellosis in Ethiopia.Veterinary Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2022Brucellosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease that causes serious problems in developing countries such as Ethiopia. is the primary cause of brucellosis in... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease that causes serious problems in developing countries such as Ethiopia. is the primary cause of brucellosis in cattle, and and also occasionally cause infection in cattle. Abortion and the retained fetal membrane are typical signs in females, whereas orchitis and bursitis are the known signs in male cattle. Brucellosis is typically transmitted to healthy cattle by direct or indirect contact with diseased cattle or their discharges. Humans can acquire brucellosis through the consumption of unpasteurized milk or milk products, and through contact with diseased cattle or their discharges. The occurrence of bovine brucellosis is affected by different factors related to the management system, host, and environmental factors. In Ethiopia, the occurrence of brucellosis is high in pastoral and mixed cattle management systems, wherever humans live closely with cattle and so have a higher probability of picking up the organism. The most suitable technique in the management of infection is the vaccination of young female cattle. can also be eradicated by the isolation of diseased cattle, administration of immunizing agents, and test-and-slaughter methods. Therefore, it is important to implement applicable management techniques and to increase public awareness about the transmission of brucellosis, and further research should be conducted on brucellosis in high-risk groups.
PubMed: 35028300
DOI: 10.2147/VMRR.S347337 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Jul 2022Abortions cause tremendous economic losses in food-producing animals and may lead to food insecurity.
BACKGROUND
Abortions cause tremendous economic losses in food-producing animals and may lead to food insecurity.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to characterize Brucella spp. and other abortigenic pathogens from aborted tissues of cattle.
METHODS
For cattle, aborted tissues (n = 19) were cultured, and Brucella spp. were detected using the genus-specific 16S-23S ribosomal DNA interspacer region (ITS) assay and speciated using Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella ovis, and Brucella suis (AMOS) and Bruce-ladder PCR assays. Brucella negative samples were screened using the eight abortigenic pathogens PCR panel. Samples from an abortion outbreak that occurred within a goat tribe were included in this investigation. Sera of females (n = 8) and males (n = 2) were analyzed using the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA), while vaginal swabs (n = 3) and aborted tissues (n = 1) were cultured and characterized.
RESULTS
The ITS-PCR detected Brucella DNA in cultures from two aborted tissues of cattle (10.5%, [2/19]), which were identified as B. melitensis (n = 1), and B. abortus (n = 1) using AMOS and Bruce-ladder PCR assays. Campylobacter fetus (n = 7) and Leptospira spp. (n = 4) including co-infections (n = 2) of C. fetus and Leptospira spp. were identified from the Brucella negative samples of cattle. Goats (100.0%, 10/10) were brucellosis seropositive on RBT and i-ELISA. Mixed infections caused by B. melitensis and B. abortus were isolated from the vaginal swabs (n = 3) and aborted tissues (n = 1).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
This is the first identification of abortion-associated pathogens in aborted cattle indicating the enormous financial losses and a threat to public health. It is therefore essential to include these identified pathogens in the surveillance scheme of veterinary and human services.
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Brucella abortus; Brucella melitensis; Brucella ovis; Brucella suis; Brucellosis; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Goat Diseases; Goats; Leptospira; Male; Pregnancy; Rwanda
PubMed: 35420251
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.805 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2023Brucellosis in dogs caused by Brucella suis is an emerging zoonotic disease.
BACKGROUND
Brucellosis in dogs caused by Brucella suis is an emerging zoonotic disease.
OBJECTIVES
To document clinical characteristics, serology, microbiology, and clinical response to treatment in B. suis-seropositive dogs.
ANIMALS
Longitudinal study of 27 privately-owned dogs. Dogs that tested positive by serology, culture, or real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were included in the study.
METHODS
Clinical (physical examination and imaging) and laboratory (serology, hematology, serum biochemistry, and qPCR or culture) assessments were made at baseline and after approximately 3, 6, 12, and 18 months.
RESULTS
Dogs were followed for 10 895 dog days, with 17/27 dogs completing the 18-month follow-up. Ten dogs had signs consistent with brucellosis before enrollment (n = 4), at baseline (n = 2) or during follow-up (n = 6), with 2 dogs experiencing relapse of historical signs. Antibody titers persisted for the duration of follow-up in 15/17 dogs (88%). Radiographic (n = 5) and ultrasound (n = 11) findings, of variable clinical relevance, were observed. Brucella DNA and organisms were detected in 3 dogs, all of which had clinical signs, including in the milk of a bitch around the time of whelping. Brucella DNA was not detected in blood (n = 92 samples), urine (n = 80), saliva (n = 95) or preputial swabs (n = 78) at any time during follow-up. Six dogs underwent treatment, all of which achieved clinical remission although remission was not reflected by decreasing antibody titers.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Most dogs with B. suis infections have subclinical infections. Serology is poorly associated with clinical disease. Excretion of organisms appears rare except in whelping bitches. Clinical management using antibiotics with or without surgery is recommended.
Topics: Animals; Brucella suis; Longitudinal Studies; Brucellosis; Zoonoses; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dogs
PubMed: 37158452
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16678 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019enters their hosts mostly through mucosae from where it spreads systemically. Adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) components or to host cells is important for the...
enters their hosts mostly through mucosae from where it spreads systemically. Adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) components or to host cells is important for the infectious process, and is mediated by several adhesins, including the BtaF trimeric autotransporter. Although Th1 responses and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) are important for protection, antibodies able to block adhesions might also contribute to prevent infection. We evaluated the importance of BtaF for respiratory infection, and characterized the immune response and protection from mucosal challenge induced by nasal vaccination with recombinant BtaF. While lung CFU numbers did not differ at day 1 p.i. between mice intratracheally inoculated with M1330 (wild type) and those receiving a Δ mutant, they were reduced in the latter group at 7 and 30 days p.i. For vaccination studies the BtaF passenger domain was engineered and expressed as a soluble trimeric protein. Mice were immunized by the nasal route with BtaF or saline (control group) plus the mucosal adjuvant c-di-AMP. Specific anti-BtaF antibodies (IgG and IgA) were increased in serum, including a mixed IgG2a/IgG1 response. , these antibodies reduced bacterial adhesion to A549 alveolar epithelial cells. Specific IgA antibodies were also increased in several mucosae. Spleen cells from BtaF immunized mice significantly increased their IL-2, IL-5, IL-17, and IFN-γ secretion upon antigen stimulation. In cervical draining lymph nodes, antigen-experienced CD4+ T cells were maintained mainly as central memory cells. A BtaF-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity response was detected in BtaF immunized mice. Lung cells from the latter produced high levels of IFN-γ upon antigen stimulation. Although nasal immunization with BtaF did not protect mice against respiratory challenge, it conferred significant protection from intragastric challenge; the splenic load of was reduced by 3.28 log CFU in immunized mice. This study shows that nasal vaccination with BtaF+c-di-AMP protects against intragastric challenge with by inducing local and systemic antibody responses, central memory CD4+ T cells and strong Th1 responses. Therefore, although BtaF vaccination did not protect from respiratory infection, this adhesin constitutes a promising immunogen against mucosal infection.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Adhesins, Bacterial; Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Brucella suis; Brucellosis; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Female; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Immunization; Mice; Virulence
PubMed: 31402921
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01775 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022Porcine brucellosis, caused by (), is a notifiable disease causing significant economic losses in production systems. Most infected pigs may act as carriers and shed...
Porcine brucellosis, caused by (), is a notifiable disease causing significant economic losses in production systems. Most infected pigs may act as carriers and shed even if asymptomatic. This can contribute to environmental persistence, thus hindering control efforts. Here, the environment and the offspring were investigated during and after a outbreak at a sow breeding farm. The diagnosis of in sows ( = 1,140) was performed by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from vaginal swabs, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) from sera, and brucellin skin test (BST). diagnosis in post-weaning pigs ( = 899) was performed by I-ELISA in sera and BST. The environmental surveillance programme was implemented by placing gauze sponges ( = 175) pre-hydrated in a surfactant and inactivating liquid for DNA detection by PCR in different farm areas. Our results showed that the offspring of infected sows reacted to techniques for . Furthermore, the offspring born during the outbreak displayed higher seropositivity (I-ELISA) and reactivity (BST) than those pigs born after. DNA was detected in pregnant sow areas, boxes, boots, and post-weaning pig areas. In addition, DNA environmental detection was higher during the outbreak than the post outbreak. The environmental approach has proven to be a simple, practical, valuable, and safe method to detect and monitor . These results suggest a role of the environment and the offspring that should be considered in porcine brucellosis surveillance and control programmes.
PubMed: 35799841
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.915692 -
Acta Medica Portuguesa Dec 1999Brucellosis is a zoonosis, reported for the first time in 1859 by Marston, in Malta. It has also been referred to as Mediterranean Fever, Malta Fever and Bang's disease.... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a zoonosis, reported for the first time in 1859 by Marston, in Malta. It has also been referred to as Mediterranean Fever, Malta Fever and Bang's disease. Its causative agent was isolated by David Bruce in 1886; this was Brucella melitensis: five different strains were later described: B. abortus, B. suis, B. ovis, B. neotomae and B. canis. Recently, in 1994, the isolation of Brucella was reported in marine mammals, eventually pathogenic to man and unofficially designated "B. maris". Human brucellosis is still a public health problem in countries where the infection has not been eradicated from the animal hosts. When manifested, human disease may assume different courses, widely known, but whose physiopathology is still not totally clear. Much is already known about the agent's molecular biology and in vitro behaviour, but, doubts persist about its in vivo activity, including in human infection. We review some aspects of brucellosis, focusing on the pathogenesis, and referring to new and potential diagnostic methods, therapy and prevention.
Topics: Brucellosis; Humans
PubMed: 10892434
DOI: No ID Found -
BMC Genomics May 2023Bacterial epidemiology needs to understand the spread and dissemination of strains in a One Health context. This is important for highly pathogenic bacteria such as...
BACKGROUND
Bacterial epidemiology needs to understand the spread and dissemination of strains in a One Health context. This is important for highly pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus anthracis, Brucella species, and Francisella tularensis. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has paved the way for genetic marker detection and high-resolution genotyping. While such tasks are established for Illumina short-read sequencing, Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) long-read sequencing has yet to be evaluated for such highly pathogenic bacteria with little genomic variations between strains. In this study, three independent sequencing runs were performed using Illumina, ONT flow cell version 9.4.1, and 10.4 for six strains of each of Ba. anthracis, Br. suis and F. tularensis. Data from ONT sequencing alone, Illumina sequencing alone and two hybrid assembly approaches were compared.
RESULTS
As previously shown, ONT produces ultra-long reads, while Illumina produces short reads with higher sequencing accuracy. Flow cell version 10.4 improved sequencing accuracy over version 9.4.1. The correct (sub-)species were inferred from all tested technologies, individually. Moreover, the sets of genetic markers for virulence, were almost identical for the respective species. The long reads of ONT allowed to assemble not only chromosomes of all species to near closure, but also virulence plasmids of Ba. anthracis. Assemblies based on nanopore data alone, Illumina data alone, and both hybrid assemblies correctly detected canonical (sub-)clades for Ba. anthracis and F. tularensis as well as multilocus sequence types for Br. suis. For F. tularensis, high-resolution genotyping using core-genome MLST (cgMLST) and core-genome Single-Nucleotide-Polymorphism (cgSNP) typing produced highly comparable results between data from Illumina and both ONT flow cell versions. For Ba. anthracis, only data from flow cell version 10.4 produced similar results to Illumina for both high-resolution typing methods. However, for Br. suis, high-resolution genotyping yielded larger differences comparing Illumina data to data from both ONT flow cell versions.
CONCLUSIONS
In summary, combining data from ONT and Illumina for high-resolution genotyping might be feasible for F. tularensis and Ba. anthracis, but not yet for Br. suis. The ongoing improvement of nanopore technology and subsequent data analysis may facilitate high-resolution genotyping for all bacteria with highly stable genomes in future.
Topics: Francisella tularensis; Brucella suis; Bacillus anthracis; Nanopores; Multilocus Sequence Typing; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 37173617
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09343-z -
BMC Veterinary Research Jun 2022Brucella suis is a zoonotic pathogen with a serious impact on public health and the pig industry worldwide. Information regarding B. suis in pigs in Egypt is scarce....
BACKGROUND
Brucella suis is a zoonotic pathogen with a serious impact on public health and the pig industry worldwide. Information regarding B. suis in pigs in Egypt is scarce. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of B. suis in slaughtered domestic pigs at El-Basatin abattoir in Cairo, Egypt. A total of 1,116 domestic pigs slaughtered in 2020 were sampled for Brucella isolation and identification. Identified Brucella isolates were molecularly confirmed at species, and biovar levels using Bruce ladder PCR and Suis ladder multiplex PCR. Additionally, high-risk practices of 16 abattoir workers (4 veterinarians, 10 butchering and evisceration workers, and 2 scalding workers) were investigated using a pre-piloted structured questionnaire.
RESULTS
Brucella isolates were recovered from 1.3% of examined pigs (n = 14) at consistently low rates (1.1-2.9%) across the year of sampling from February to December 2020. All isolates were confirmed as B. suis biovar (bv) 2. Remarkably, 92.9% (13/14) of isolates showed atypical ability to produce HS and hence were considered as B. suis bv2 atypical phenotype. The prevalence was higher in males (1.8%) than in females (0.9). However, this difference was not significant (Odds ratio = 1.9; CI 95% 0.7 - 5.7; P = 0.2). No detectable pathological lesions were associated with B. suis bv2 infection in examined pigs. All strains were isolated from cervical lymph nodes, highlighting a potential oral transmission. High-risk practices were recorded among swine abattoir workers in this study: 75% do not wear gloves or disinfect their knives daily, and 18.8% were willing to work with open wound injuries.
CONCLUSIONS
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first isolation of B. suis bv2 in Egypt. Detection of HS producing B. suis bv2 atypical phenotype is alarming as it may result in misinterpretation of these isolates as highly human pathogenic B. suis bv1 in Egypt and possibly elsewhere. Further epidemiological tracing studies are crucial for the detection of the origin of this biovar. Including pigs in the national surveillance program of brucellosis, and an education program for swine abattoir workers about occupational risk of B. suis is a need in Egypt.
Topics: Animals; Brucella suis; Brucellosis; Egypt; Female; Male; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sus scrofa; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 35698071
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03332-2 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023Northeast China has always been an area with severe brucellosis prevalence. This study will identify in Northeast China and test its resistance to antibiotics, in order...
INTRODUCTION
Northeast China has always been an area with severe brucellosis prevalence. This study will identify in Northeast China and test its resistance to antibiotics, in order to clarify its resistance mechanism. is a widespread and highly pathogenic bacteria that poses serious threats to public health and animal husbandry.
METHODS
In this study, 61 isolates were identified by abortus-melitensis-ovis-suis polymerase chain reaction (AMOS-PCR) for biotypes and epidemic potential was clarified by multi-locus sequence analysis. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed and the antibiotic susceptibility of the strains against 13 antibiotics was detected with the use of E-test strips.
RESULTS
The results showed that all of the isolates were ST8, group CC4 with little genetic variation and obvious geographical characteristics. All 61 isolates were sensitive to doxycycline, tetracycline, minocycline, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and streptomycin, while 24.6%, 86.9%, 65.6%, 27.9%, 3.3%, and 1.6% were resistant to rifampin, azithromycin, cefepime, cefoperazone/sulbactam, cefotaxime, and meperidine/sulfamethoxazole, respectively. This is the first report of cephalosporin-resistant in China. The WGS results indicated that about 60% of the antibiotic resistance genes were associated with efflux pumps (mainly the resistance nodulation division family).
DISCUSSION
Brucellosis is usually treated with antibiotics for several months, which can easily lead to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. To ensure the effectiveness and safety of antibiotics for treatment of brucellosis, continuous surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility is especially important.
PubMed: 37125183
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1137932 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Brucellosis is a disease of livestock that is commonly asymptomatic until an abortion occurs. Disease in humans results from contact of infected livestock or consumption... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a disease of livestock that is commonly asymptomatic until an abortion occurs. Disease in humans results from contact of infected livestock or consumption of contaminated milk or meat. zoonosis is primarily caused by one of three species that infect livestock, in cattle, in goats and sheep, and in pigs. To aid in disease prophylaxis, livestock vaccines are available, but are only 70% effective; hence, improved vaccines are needed to mitigate disease, particularly in countries where disease remains pervasive. The absence of knowing which proteins confer complete protection limits development of subunit vaccines. Instead, efforts are focused on developing new and improved live, attenuated vaccines, since these mimic attributes of wild-type , and stimulate host immune, particularly T helper 1-type responses, required for protection. In considering their development, the new mutants must address 's defense mechanisms normally active to circumvent host immune detection. Vaccination approaches should also consider mode and route of delivery since disease transmission among livestock and humans is believed to occur the naso-oropharyngeal tissues. By arming the host's mucosal immune defenses with resident memory T cells (TRMs) and by expanding the sources of IFN-γ, brucellae dissemination from the site of infection to systemic tissues can be prevented. In this review, points of discussion focus on understanding the various immune mechanisms involved in disease progression and which immune players are important in fighting disease.
PubMed: 36620020
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1018165